Should Indonesia seek compensation from the Netherlands?
As I read more about the history of Indonesia, this question cropped up to tease me.
The question being this; should Indonesia demand compensation from the Dutch Government for their past atrocities and what they looted during their time in Indonesia?
I have neither come across any source which says that the Dutch have formally and unequivocally apologised for their past crimes against the Indonesians nor is there anything which says that Indonesia has absolved the Dutch.
The history of the VOC and the Dutch East Indies is filled with umpteen comments that relate about Dutch atrocities.
Comments such as this:
“It was the beginning of Dutch colonialism in Indonesia. … In these outrageous expeditions countless atrocities were committed.”
and this:
“For of all the countries, outside of Africa, that had suffered from colonialism, Indonesia was without a doubt plundered the most ferociously. When the Indonesian masses finally were able to declare their political independence, the rich archipelago was one of the most impoverished areas on earth.”
and this,
“the Dutch had tried and ultimately failed to re-impose their colonial power on the country after World War II. In the process, the Dutch military were guilty of what official records call ‘excesses’ In the view of some who were there, these ‘excesses’ were nothing less than war crimes. The sense of denial and cover up is so strong, most Dutch historians won’t touch it.”
and this:
“Wim, a Dutch soldier with the rank of corporal was stationed in Western Java in the Bogor area. He saw the ‘police action’ in Indonesia as morally wrong and refused to shoot people. He refused to be in a position of some authority and asked to be relieved of his corporal’s responsibilities. Accordingly, the commanding officer demoted him to serve as an ordinary soldier.
Wim’s memories connected with experiences of that period were deeply repressed and disturbed him many years later when he was an older man. He witnessed much human misery, saw friends killed and innocent Indonesians slaughtered. Mutilated bodies were a common sight.”
and this:
“This wall of denial has only increased over time. There is a general silence about the murders committed by the Dutch Army in the name of the Dutch kingdom.
The Indonesians are trying to forget their painful past. So no one wanted to ask, no one wanted to find out what happened and no one did. The ghosts of colonial misrule and murder linger over Indonesia, even today.”
Historical Facts
1602 – 1799. Indonesia was “ruled” by the Dutch VOC, which were a combination of Dutch Companies.
1800. Dutch formally declared the archipelago as the Dutch East Indies under direct rule of the Dutch Government.
1949. Dutch were forced in by International pressure to recognize Indonesia’s Independence declaration in 1945.
Additional details of Indonesian History Timeline: 1602 – 1949
1602, March 20th. Dutch companies combine to form Vereenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie (VOC); led by Heeren XVII representing different regions of the Netherlands; States-General gives VOC power to raise armies, build forts, negotiate treaties and wage war in Asia.
VOC establishes post at Gresik.
The Dutch East India Company was given most of the powers of a sovereign state, partly because communication between the Netherlands and Asia was so slow that colonial activities simply could not be directed from Amsterdam.
1798. Dutch government revokes charter of VOC, assumes its debts and assets.
The VOC was losing money to corruption and political intrigues. By the end of the 1700s, it was fully bankrupt. On January 1st, 1800, it ceased to exist.
1800, January 1st. VOC formally dissolved; properties revert to Dutch government.
More of these excerpts from “Timeline of Indonesian History” can be seen at http://www.gimonca.com/sejarah/sejarah02.shtml
Compensation
Compensation from the Japanese Government was once thought to be beyond any hope for those comfort ladies who were forced to serve as sex slaves for the Japanese Forces during their Occupation.
After several generations and with the details of Dutch atrocities either forever lost or progressively becoming blurred, is it beyond any hope for Indonesia to demand compensation from the Dutch?
I am not aware if Indonesia considered it and representation for compensation was made to the Dutch Government.
Assuming that Indonesia did in fact request for compensation but did not succeed, the Dutch attitude finds a similar comparison from an observer’s remark. It was about the gift that Queen Beatrix’s gave to Indonesia during her official presence in Indonesia’s for celebrations of their 50th anniversary of Independence.
~ and drum roll please….
The Queen presented the Indonesian people with a Friesian cow. It must have been her pet cow and it probably sat beside H.R.H Beatrix on Royal Dutch Airline – all the way to Indonesia.
“A cow and not a Rembrandt or a Van Gogh. Very rude. That’s part of the Dutch soul, this rudeness.”
the observer berated.
In the case of the Dutch, I do not know what a Friesian cow symbolises. I do know what a cow symbolises for the Hindus but then again, Indonesia is not predominantly Hindu. Oh well, it was better a cow than a Trojan Horse.
It could well have been a Dutch way to inform the Indonesians that if they hoped for any compensation, they would have to wait till the cows come home. However, the Dutch would mock and have their Queen to bring at least one cow home to Indonesia with their sentiment,
“In the name of William of Orange! be thankful for that.”
By the way, anyone knows what has happened to that “royal” Friesian cow?
What about Dutch financial donations/loans, (not compensation)? I read the following. It relates to what happened 16 years ago.
“Multilateral aid to Indonesia was long an area of international interest, particularly with the Netherlands, the former colonial manager of Indonesia’s economy. Starting in 1967, the bulk of Indonesia’s multilateral aid was coordinated by an international group of foreign governments and international financial organizations, the Inter-Governmental Group on Indonesia. The IGGI was established by the government of the Netherlands and continued to meet annually under Dutch leadership, although Dutch aid accounted for less than 2 percent of the US$4.75 billion total lending arranged through the IGGI for FY 1991.”
Note how small was the Dutch amount. *brings out my calculator…..4.75 billion x 2 percent = 95,000,000 tops,
but it was LESS than 95 million said the article. PEANUTS compared to what the Dutch plundered from Indonesia for 350 years.
Anyway, it went on to say that
“the IGGI was disbanded. The Indonesian government decided not to accept further financial assistance from Holland because the Dutch government intervened too deeply in its domestic political affairs. The World Bank formed a new consortium called the CGI (Consultative Group on Indonesia) to take over IGGI’s role. Holland was not invited to join the CGI, and it has not become a member until today.”
However, no matter how ludicrous the question might be plus the fact it would have other ramifications because the Dutch are not the only colonialist throughout the history of mankind, would compensation be possible?
As an aside comment regarding corruption in Indonesia vis-a-vis Indonesia’s colonial past.
Aristotle once said:
“If you would understand anything, observe its beginning and its development.”
Having read what was the cause for the demise of the VOC, I have this remark to make.
Quote:
“The VOC was losing money to corruption and political intrigues. By the end of the 1700s, it was fully bankrupt. On January 1st, 1800, it ceased to exist.”
Therefore, apart from the human sufferings that the natives endured during the Dutch colonial period, is it tenable that corruption in post independent Indonesia is something the Indonesians witnessed and inherited from 200 years of VOC presence and presumably throughout the remaining 150 years of Dutch presence thereafter?
Angela,
It appears to me that 80% of the white (human) race were born to be leeches on the rest of the human races.
Where did you get the 80% from? When does one qualify to be a leech? Can you give me the minimum requirements.
It would be interesting to undertake a genetic study to explore whether whites have a gene that makes them feel superior to other races and cultures andthus feel at liberty -with the use of violence- to enslave them, colonize their territories, kill them, maim them and plunder their wealth.
Why do you think in the first place, there might exist such a thing like a “superiority” gene? I would link “feeling superior” to factors like religion and technological developments then rather to genes.
By suggesting that whites might have different genes then other races, you are entering the danger zone. Linking superiority to genes has been done (by whites) before and the people involved weren’t the nicest ones. What puzzles me that you want go in this direction.
Angela
Prior to the colonial era you could argue that every kingdom/empire in the world were bent on expanding their territory. Might was right, and I don’t think that the moral implications of conquest were considered by the likes of the persians,greeks, romans, byzantines, sassanids, arabs, mongols, or ottomans. They all considered it to be their right to expand and subjugate those around them. The colonials just happenned to have the right combination of technology, drive and administrative skills to do it better than anyone else.
If there is a leech gene I think we all have it.
Janma
Angela, the gene that makes this happen is the white gene”¦. which is a recessive and weak gene”¦. there is a biological desperation to keep the race from turning brown.
The reason they feel superior are many, but mostly because in many ways they were.
What is puzzling is why so many Indonesians, especially women, are preoccupied even obsessed with white skin. Is this a kind of self-inflicted inferiority syndrome caused by historical subjugation or are there more complex reasons?
Not so long ago a book has been published by an Indonesian woman on the subject. Pity I forgot the name of the book and its writer.
dewaratugedeanom,
that is maybe an indirect compensation from the whites? To help some Indonesian (man or woman) to a better life? 🙂
Oooops, my wife is also white …… (and I’m sure it is love).
Janma
White is synonymous with a life of ease indoors and black is synonymous with hard labor in the sun. That simple. It’s not about subjugation”¦.before any type of colonialism women were vying for whiteness.
Do you mean like in the West before outdoor leisure became ‘en vogue’ and suntan the norm? I don’t believe it’s that simple either. Many here think white is bersih and dark is kotor but I doubt if it has something to do with economic wealth or hardship, rather with a general appearance of radiance. Radiance is a characteristic of the divine. Actually dewa (god) – pun intended – literally means ‘the radiant’.
I wish I could locate this book I mentioned in my former post because it’s an interesting phenomenon.
“¦.. white people are rich, brown people are poor”¦.
Don’t blame us poor Indonesians. It’s because in the West bule’s have money trees and we don’t. It’s not fair, they should be ashamed.
At the Balispirit Yoga festival in Ubud last week the organizers (bule’s who think the sun shines out of Balinese ass”¦) made tickets for the last open day free for Balinese and white people had to pay. They called this positive racism.
I’m beginning to understand where a wanker like Purba Negoro gets his inspiration from.
Radiance is a characteristic of the divine. Actually dewa (god) – pun intended – literally means ‘the radiant’.
well, how about Krishna? He is radiant, but he has a dark blackish blueish hue, like a monsoon cloud… so does shiva…. but for women (goddess) types, it’s pretty true that they are always portrayed in for example hindu scriptures, as having pure and pale complexions. But i still think it’s because it denotes a life of leisure, even from way back when…. Hey do you think that’s behind the white peoples obssession with tanning? For them it denotes a life of leisure? (ie. lying in sun beside pool)?
I remember being at the pool once with my sister in law, who is German. She was lying in the sun tanning and rubbishing Michael Jackson for (allegedly) changing his skin color from white to black.
It appears to me that 80% of the white (human) race were born to be leeches on the rest of the human races. It would be interesting to undertake a genetic study to explore whether whites have a gene that makes them feel superior to other races and cultures andthus feel at liberty
Angela, the gene that makes this happen is the white gene
Laugh.. You have to admire the science behind standing tall despite facts..its a hoot!
I know…. don’t you just love a good hoot!?
Dewaratugedeanom…
The following sounds like drivel to me because it seems that your counter argument against Cukurungan is that provided we as humans replace one travesty or tragedy with another then it is better than us having not doing anything at all?
The arrival of Europeans may have indeed put an end to the horror but in turn introduced a more devastating horror in which no man, woman, or child was spared!
The arrival of the Europeans at least put an end to the horror of Mesoamerican natives (Mayas, Aztecs, Toltecs etc.) slaughtering each other by the tens of thousands in their ritual human sacrifices. During these mass rituals the victims were ripped open alive and their still beating heart pulled out of their chest. Excavations in the area revealed that even children weren’t spared.
So, in this case if these Europeans saved these heathen Mayans, Aztecs, and Toltecs from their blood-thirsty murdering, human-sacrificing selves then compensation is clearly not a warranted claim in that case, right?
Angela…
As for the 80% of the white elements of the human race being born to be leeches, is this empirical or anecdotal evidence to which you refer? Yes, genetic studies would be interesting and they are already being undertaken, perhaps you could fund your question yourself! Your research topic presupposes that there is a superiority gene which by default should also presuppose that there is an inferiority gene that allows people to be colonized by those with the superiority gene. While we are at it we should also lok for a stupidity gene, a racist gene, a violence gene, a stereotyping gene, a bigot gene, and billy gene, and levi genes, and wrangler genes…
All…
It seems that a common theme here is that the world was a better place when it was a bigger place. The races could not interact and any interaction such as those between Neanderthal man and woman (presumably God’s creatures too) and cro-magnon’s were oftern violent and led to the extinction of one…oh no, our very modern existence is based on a colonization and the invasion of the homelands of the Neanderthals who were then ruthlessly wiped out and their places of residence were pillaged.
Colonization is never pretty but what is now missing from this debate is whether any compensation is due for the acts committed by the Dutch during their period of occupation. Because if this is the debate that we want to have then we should also look at Indonesia’s colonization of Timor Leste and what compensation is payable and whether this is dependent on Indonesia getting compensation from the Dutch. Or is it Indonesia’s position that the compensation burden in the East Timor case should be borne by Portugal as the first European colonizers?
We should also add an additional gene test for Angela’s serious of tests to find out whether Indonesians carry a superiority gene with respect to their Timorese brothers and sisters…wah, hold on Indonesia is a socio-political construct so should we be testing for whether there is a Javanese superiority gene or a Batak superiority gene or a Sundanese superiority gene? Perhaps, we just test everyone for the superiority gene.
What is not needed is a debate on the general pros and cons of colonization. That is a different post and one that needs to include more current issues of neo-colonialism.
Sorry for the long post…late to the thread and I just could not help myself! As Forrest Gump used to say…”My Momma always used to say, ‘stupid is as stupid does!'”
Good weekend to all
What is puzzling is why so many Indonesians, especially women, are preoccupied even obsessed with white skin. Is this a kind of self-inflicted inferiority syndrome caused by historical subjugation or are there more complex reasons?
I don’t think it has anything to do with historical subjugation. Sunbathing in Europe was only “invented” (mainly by American ex-pats in the south of France) in the 1920s. Before that – and for a long time afterwards – negative connotations were associated with tanned, dark skin.
It’s fairly obvious if you think about it – tanned skin was associated with poverty: only poor people worked out of doors in the sun and only poor people were dark, and if you were poor you were uneducated, and quite possibly “dangerous”.
Even though now in the west suntan=wealth and privaledge and exotic holidays, there’s still a degree of racism that may have its roots in the old idea of dark=poor.
The negative poverty conotations of darker skin are something found in many, many cultures. In northern Europe the issue was simply one of social status; elsewhere it was further “coloured” by race.
The phrase “blue blood” meaning of aristocratic birth comes from post-reconquista Spain, where the fact that many people were (and are) of Arab origin led to an intense colour-conciousness. If you were high enough born to be free from the “taint of the Moor” then your skin would be pale enough for the blue veins to show through, hence “blue blood”.
In India skin colour is inextricably linked to the caste system. Generally the higher the caste the fairer the skin (exacerbated by the fact that low caste people would generally work outdoors). Part of the reason for this lies in the fact that the higher caste people (of aryan origin) had more recent origins in Central Asia; the lower castes were probably of darker, longer-established dravidian extract, or even aboriginal… Later Persian and Mughal rulers were fairer still.
Some historians have possited the theory that the fact that the British colonialists were able to establish hegemony over India so easily lay in the deep-seated caste-idea that fairer = higher born… so conditioned by the caste system were the Indians to accept the idea that someone fairer than them was of higher caste position, that they were able – against all their other religious or cultural insticts – to accept the idea of (pale) British rule… Personally I think it would be gross oversimplification to put it all down to that, but I’m sure it played a part… If you accept this theory it is crucial to recognise that the British were taking advantage – possible unknowingly – of a PRE-EXISTING colour-conciousness, rather than instigating it.
Similar things surely come into play in Indonesia, though perhaps without the rigidity of caste associations (India is probably the most colour-concious country in the world).
Awareness of skin colour – on all sides – may have had a role in European colonialism, but modern conciousness of skin colour and obsession with “whitening creams” etc in post-colonial nations almost certainly is directly linked to ideas that existed long before the arrival of the first bules… In my opinion…
Sorry to stray so very far from the original point of this thread, but as we seem already to have engaged in highly dubious discussion of “genetics” I thought it might be worth slipping in with another irrellevant aside… 😉
Robert wrote
We should also add an additional gene test for Angela’s serious of tests to find out whether Indonesians carry a superiority gene with respect to their Timorese brothers and sisters”¦wah, hold on Indonesia is a socio-political construct so should we be testing for whether there is a Javanese superiority gene or a Batak superiority gene or a Sundanese superiority gene? Perhaps, we just test everyone for the superiority gene.
Dealing with Indonesia V. Timor, that is within the realm of psychology. ‘Barring an effective therapy, an abuser is most likely to abuse.’ The best example is being currently provided by the Jewish state of Israel.
Though anecdotal, my ‘80% of whites’ figure has a rationale. One look at the European nations’s history of colonizing others (in Africa, Asia, Middle East, the Americas etc..) would reveal that few, may be 20% of the total Europeans were not involved in colonizing. The rest were adicted to it.
Angela, sorry to be dismissive, but the idea that 80% of “whites” were actively involved in colonialism is patently absurd. For a start the scope of colonialism had an intraeuropean realm: Ireland, for example, was as much a brutally colonised and oppresed nation as any far flung land full of “exotic orientals”, and had to go through its own bloody struggle for self-determination – startlingly recently in the grander historic scheme of things.
And the idea that the entire population of a colonialist state was active and culpable in the process of colonialism is stupendously simplistic.. Was an impoverished tenant farmer in mid-19th Century Scotland playing any kind of active, culpable role in the British empire? I think it might be easier to argue that he was in fact a victim of it… Even to argue that many of those Europeans who were part of the machinery of empire – breadline workers in the Dundee jute mills, or Amsterdam dockers for example – were somehow one with the cliched image of the rapacious plantation owner is a little difficult…
Post-colonial guilt is all well and good, and I’m certainly no empire-revisionist, but come on!
timdog said
And the idea that the entire population of a colonialist state was active and culpable in the process of colonialism is stupendously simplistic.
See also my posts of December 19th, 2007 at 9:34 pm, December 21st, 2007 at 7:59 pm and December 24th, 2007 at 6:03 pm under this thread.
IamISaid said” I have another question: Did the Dutch put up any resistance in Indonesia against the invading Japanese?
The Japanese experienced spectacular early victories in the Southeast Asian war. Singapore, Britain’s fortress in the east, fell on February 15, 1941, despite British numerical superiority and the strength of its seaward defenses. The Battle of the Java Sea resulted in the Japanese defeat of a combined British, Dutch, Australian, and United States fleet.
On March 9, 1942, the Netherlands Indies government surrendered without offering resistance on land.
What it really means is this. T
The Dutch literally bolted like renegades for all the blood, sweat, tears and lives that was dearly paid by the Indonesians when enslaved to the Dutch.
The Netherlands Indisch Army was mostly comprises of ducth officers and Indonesian soldiers who either deserted or refused to fight. There were several battles, usually resulting in allied defeat and the survivors massacered by Japanese. Most of the indonesian KNIL soldier (except the Ambonese) joined the Japanese Heiho corps, including sworn in officers like Suharto. You can’t really defend yourself with that type on an army.
Bringing this back from the dead…
The current news (July 22, 2008) about the capture of Radovan Karadzic, the Bosnian Serb leader charged with genocide and nicknamed the Butcher of Bosnia makes me think about the need for a formal apology.
The irony of having Den Haag/The Hague as the seat of the UN War Crime Tribunal cannot escape me, as it was here calls were made to subdue Indonesia and its people, inflicting sufferings of many people, for hundreds of years, even within a decade after Indonesia declared independence. Time has changed, but the new generation should not forget what their ancestors did to others. A simple and frank apology from the Head of the State is long overdue, and maybe (a loo,…oong stretch) Indonesia can wake up and for good, rid itself of its colonial legacy crutch and its self-choking nationalism.
But to answer the original question regarding compensation, my opinion is no. Indonesia has had a lot of financial assistance from the Netherlands, and despite the aids not reaching the intended recipients 100% of the time, it is more than enough and Indonesia needs to wean itself from foreign govt aids.
Is it not true, that financial compensation would only reach the corrupt government in Jakarta and the Javanese people? In fact, they have become the new colonial power in an archipelago, which had quite a number of separate king-doms and you must know, that Javanese are different from f.e. Sumatrans, peoples from Sulawesi, Borneo, the Moluccas and especially from Irian Jaya. Thus, all those races should have been
given their own independence after the 2nd World War and not have been forced to accept another colonial master. You know for sure, that before the arrival of countries looking for the spice-islands, like Great Britain, Spain, Portugal and Holland, Indonesia was not one country and it should never have become one, but dirty politics got Sukarno and his henchmen
the prize, after his alliance with the Japanese government during the 1940’s. And now, Indonesia is a “country” torn apart by racial intolerance, murder of thousands of innocent people and burning of Christian churches.
Where were the people from Jakarta during that devastating Tsunami? It was countries like Australia, America and other Western countries, who were there straight away with physical and financial assistance and Holland also donated a great amount of money. And you people, still think about compensation?
You really make me sick!
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My comment is on the general theme of colonialism, exploitation and plundering.
It appears to me that 80% of the white (human) race were born to be leeches on the rest of the human races. It would be interesting to undertake a genetic study to explore whether whites have a gene that makes them feel superior to other races and cultures andthus feel at liberty -with the use of violence- to enslave them, colonize their territories, kill them, maim them and plunder their wealth.
Just wondering.
Angela Stevens
Canada